a "sigma male" is as dominant as an alpha male, but is outside the male hierarchy, i.e.: a lone wolf. Originally used seriously, the concept was so widely derided it's now almost always used ...

A study published in 2011 provided one of the first clues that being an alpha male comes with a cost. The research, led by ...

Maybe some of these wolves might challenge the alpha male to take over leadership of ... wolves follow "an incredibly sophisticated group hierarchy," and that wolves naturally organize themselves ...

However, the researchers identified that one of them was missing – Artemis, the alpha male ... Green group at such a volatile stage in the male hierarchy battle, meant that however this played ...