It also contains impurities such as waxes and carbon residue that must be removed before being refined. Although variously defined, the upper limit for heavy oil is 22° API gravity with a ...

Exploration Heavy oils are frequently found at the margins of geologic basins, according to the USGS, and are assumed to be residue from formerly light oil that has lost its light molecular weight ...

Recent reviews have highlighted various kinetic models, including lumping models and molecular reconstruction models, which help in predicting the behavior of heavy oil during hydrotreating[2].

Quadrise, with Swedish chemicals giant AkzoNobel, has developed a process that converts heavy oil residue into a water suspended emulsion that can be used as a lower cost alternative to heavy fuel oil ...