Protons and other subatomic particles that are subject to the strong nuclear force have a complex structure that involves even more fundamental constituents called quarks and gluons. These quarks ...

For example, baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are combinations of three quarks bound tightly together by strong force-carrying gluons. When individual quarks are ripped from hadrons ...

The EIC's capabilities will enhance our understanding of gluons, which play a crucial role in the strong force that binds quarks together[3]. This research is vital for exploring the fundamental ...

Initially, physicists assumed that collisions involving smaller ions wouldn’t generate enough energy to create QGP, as the smaller ion was thought to lack the necessary force ... These strong ...

Physicists know from previous experiments that what happens at the nuclear scale to protons and neutrons also affects their ...

The concept of collective action expands the notion of simply working together and contributing as individual units to one ...