and this essential biological process provides the base of the food chain for myriad animal consumers. At the ecosystem level, the total growth of all plant species is termed primary production ...

Black bears, coyotes, and other large charismatic animals figure prominently in The Accidental Ecosystem, but Alagona gives equal footing to the animals we see nearly every day, including many bird ...

In deep-water aquatic ecosystems, with their low standing biomass, rapid turnover of organisms, and high rate of harvest, the grazing food chain may be dominant. As a diagram tool, food web has ...