The deep and superficial systems are interconnected by fascial piercing perforator veins. It is generally regarded that the deep system is a system of high pressure as it is subject to the calf ...

The direction of flow is normally from the superficial to the deep system aided by the presence of valves and the function of the calf muscle pump. The congenital absence of valves, deep venous ...

Blood clots with inflammation in superficial veins (called superficial thrombophlebitis or phlebitis) rarely cause serious problems. Blood clots most often form in the calf and thigh veins, and less ...