which had formed a quark-gluon plasma, coalesced into individual particles of two or more quarks stuck together as a result of the strong force, with gluons trapped with them. This "quantum ...

The photon, which transmits the electromagnetic force, has no electrical charge, but the particles known as gluons that transmit the strong force do carry the equivalent strong-force “colour ...

Under normal circumstances, quarks are held together inside protons and neutrons by the strong force, which is mediated by the exchange of gluons. This property is known as 'confinement', and the ...

Physicists in this field explore the nature of the strong force by studying the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics. Unlike the quantum theory of electromagnetism, Quantum Chromodynamics has the property ...

For example, baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are combinations of three quarks bound tightly together by strong force-carrying gluons. When individual quarks are ripped from hadrons ...

Nuclear and particle physics are fundamentally puzzled by the distribution of mass in protons. The three valence quarks that make up a proton's core contribute very little to the proton's mass.

Protons and other subatomic particles that are subject to the strong nuclear force have a complex structure that involves even more fundamental constituents called quarks and gluons. These quarks ...

In the higher energy picture, composite protons and neutrons (composed of quarks and gluons) interact through quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This residual interaction is the strong nuclear force.