For example, prokaryotic organisms have sensors ... Through this network of signaling pathways, the cell is constantly integrating all the information it receives from its external environment.

Cellular signaling is an elaborate, dynamic, and interactive system of inter- and intracellular communication, responsible for governing and coordinating activities, from the basic to the complex.

They affect similar processes but, paradoxically, their signaling pathways ... different cell types, to coordinate growth of cells within the primary root. Second, we will use the example of ...

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a progressive spinal disease characterized by ectopic bone formation in the spine, leading to severe neurological symptoms due to spinal ...

First, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on the plant cell’s surface recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) released by invaders—say, the flagellar proteins from pathogenic ...

Human cell transformation systems revealed that ... RAF and RAL–GEF and cytokine signaling pathways. Examples of clinical-stage small-molecule kinase inhibitors that target each signaling ...

Targeting mitochondrial retrograde signaling may therefore be promising in the treatment or prevention of metabolic disorders ...