For example, prokaryotic organisms have sensors ... Through this network of signaling pathways, the cell is constantly integrating all the information it receives from its external environment.

Cellular signaling is an elaborate, dynamic, and interactive system of inter- and intracellular communication, responsible for governing and coordinating activities, from the basic to the complex.

Mammalian hosts coordinate various cell death pathways as part of the immune defense system against pathogens including ...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors in the world, and its incidence and mortality have ...

The distinct population of endothelial cells that line blood vessels in the insulin-producing "islets" of the human pancreas ...

First, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on the plant cell’s surface recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) released by invaders—say, the flagellar proteins from pathogenic ...

Human cell transformation systems revealed that ... RAF and RAL–GEF and cytokine signaling pathways. Examples of clinical-stage small-molecule kinase inhibitors that target each signaling ...