Sulfotransferase-2A1 catalyzes the formation of bile acid-sulfates (BA-sulfates). Sulfation of BAs increases their solubility, decreases their intestinal absorption, and enhances their fecal and urinary excretion.

Jan 26, 2024 · Here, we report that a sulfated bile acid, cholic acid 7-sulfate (CA7S), binds the nonclassical MHC class I protein MR1 and is recognized by MAIT cells. CA7S is a host-derived metabolite whose levels were reduced by more than 98% in germ-free mice.

Jan 8, 2009 · In humans, only a small proportion of BAs in bile and serum are sulfated, whereas more than 70% of BAs in urine are sulfated, indicating their efficient elimination in urine. The formation of BA-sulfates increases during cholestatic diseases.

In serum, cholic acid was the major bile acid and most bile acids (greater than 93%) were unsulphated, whereas, in urine, chenodeoxycholic was the major bile acid, and the majority of bile acids (greater than 60%) were sulphated.

Bile acids are primarily mono-sulfated in humans (although traces of disulfates are found in urine, possibly through renal sulfation) and in mice. However, the location of the sulfate group on the bile acid steroid nucleus differs, preferentially occurring at the C-3 position in humans and at the C-7 position in mice (with the exception of LCA ...

Jul 15, 2011 · The monohydroxy- and most toxic bile acid (LCA) was 10.0% and 16.1% sulfated in male and female mouse bile, respectively, followed by the dihydroxy- and toxic DCA (1.3% and 0.4% sulfated), whereas the trihydroxy- and least toxic …

Conjugated forms of bile acids/bile alcohols in bile (bile salts) are essential participants in the absorption of lipids and lipid soluble compounds. Studies of this function, bile secretion, enterohepatic circulation, levels in blood, urine, and feces required methods for …

Dec 30, 2013 · Bile acids (BAs), the end products of cholesterol metabolism, are synthesized in the liver and excreted into bile, which flows to the small intestine via the bile duct. Cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) are the primary BAs in humans.

Jan 23, 2009 · Bile salt sulfates were first detected in 1967 by Palmer who realized that lithocholate in human bile is partially sulfated. Subsequently, sulfate esters of cholate and cheno-deoxycholate were identified in the serum and urine of patients with cholestasis.

May 5, 2022 · Sulfation of bile salt was first documented by Palmer , who identified partially sulfated lithocholate in human bile. Subsequently, sulfate esters of cholate and chenodeoxycholate were also identified in serum and urine of patients with cholestasis.