A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte (the haploid phase) in the life cycle of mosses. When a moss first grows from a spore , it starts as a germ tube , which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a protonema , from which a leafy ...

The protonema is formed from a spore and is a haploid, autonomous, gametophytic stage of the moss life cycle. The primary protonema is responsible for only the germination of spores, while the secondary protonema is responsible for the overall …

The protonema, which grows directly from the germinating spore, is in most mosses an extensive, branched system of multicellular filaments that are rich in chlorophyll. This stage initiates the accumulation of hormones that influence the further growth of newly formed cells. When specific concentrations of the… Read More

Oct 1, 2008 · Protonema are unicellular filaments of haploid/gametophyte tissue. In the moss life cycle a spore germinates to produce filamentous protonema that then develop into leafy gametophytes. At right is a photograph of the protonema of Funaria hygrometrica .

Here, we report on an efficient method for protonema induction, which works in different Sphagnum species, as well as long-term cultivation, preventing differentiation of gametophores, and allowing growth of homogenous, thalloid protonemata in suspension.

3 fundamental product in most mosses is a highly branched filamentous, uniseriate protonema. Cell specialization occurs within the protonema to form two types of filaments, a horizontal system of reddish brown, anchoring filaments, called the caulonema, and upright, green filaments, the …

Oryzalin and cytochalasin D were used to investigate the role of the cytoskeleton in the cytological organization of fully differentiated protonemal cells; time-lapse photography was employed to monitor organelle positions.

Moss protonemata growth is like pollen tube growth and root tip growth of angiosperms during metal-induced stress (Krzesłowska et al., 2009). The cell wall matrix provides a useful barrier for toxic metals and is highly relied upon in early diverging plants.

Jun 27, 2011 · The protonema is the first phase in the haploid stage of the life cycle of mosses such as Physcomitrella patens. Protonemata are multicellular filamentous systems that develop when haploid spores germinate and comprise two filament types: chloronema and caulonema.

Protonema is a filamentous stage in the life cycle of mosses that develops from the germination of a moss spore. This initial structure plays a crucial role in establishing the gametophyte, which is the dominant life stage in bryophytes.